Degree
Degree
Degree অর্থ মাত্রা । কিন্তু ইংরেজি grammar এ Degree অর্থ হলো তুলনা। এই শব্দটি Adj ও adv এ দুটি parts of speech এর সাথে জড়িত । তাই আমরা বলতে পারি Adj ও adv এর তুলনাকে Degree বলে। Degree এর দুইটি level আছে।
যথাঃ
1. Degree at word level.
2. Degree at sentence level.
word level এ Degree তিন ধরণের হয়ে থাকে। যেমনঃ
a. Positive: Good
b. Comparative: better
c. Superlative: best
অথবা
a. Positive: beautiful
b. Comparative: more beautiful
c. Superlative: most beautiful
Formation:
1. Positive: যে কোন Adjective/Adverb এর মূল বা প্রাথমিক Form ই positive form of adj/adv. যেমনঃ
‘Fine’ adjটির মূল form ‘Fine’ তাই এই word টি একটি Positive form of degree |
2. Comparative: যে কোন Adjective/Adverb এর দ্বিতীয় Formই comparative form of adj/adv. যেমনঃ
‘Fine’ টির দ্বিতীয় form ‘Finer’ তাই এটি একটি comparative form of adj | adj/adv এর syllable ভেদে Comparative form ভিন্ন হয়ে থাকে।
(i) Mono syllabic adj/adv + er : fine + er, nice + er, big + er, deep + er, large + er,
(ii) Other Syllable of adj/adv : more + adj/adv: more + intelligent, more + beautiful
3. Superlative: যে কোন Adjective/Adverb এর তৃতীয় Formই superlative form of adj/adv. যেমনঃ
‘Fine’
টির তৃতীয় form ‘Finest’ তাই এটি একটি superlative form of adj |
adj/adv এর syllable ভেদে superlative form ভিন্ন হয়ে থাকে।
(i) Mono syllabic adj/adv + est : fine + est, nice + est, big + est, deep + est, large + est,
(ii) Other Syllable of adj/adv: most +adj/adv: most + intelligent, most + beautiful
2.Degree at sentence level
Adj/adv এর এ তিন degree ব্যবহার করে sentence লেখার বিশেষ কৌশল আছে। এতে পক্ষসমূহের জন্য ব্যবহৃত adj/adv এর মধ্যে তুলনা করা হয়। যেমনঃ
Riaz is better than Miraz.
এই sentence এ Riaz ও Miraz দুটি নাম আছে। তাই স্বাভাবিকভাবেই মনে হচ্ছে যে, তুলনা হয়েছে এ দুজন ব্যক্তির মধ্যে। কিন্তু আসলে তা নয়। বরং তুলনা হয়েছে এদুজনের জন্য ব্যবহৃত একটি Adj ‘good’ এর মধ্যে। ফলে Riaz এর ‘good’ Miraz এর‘good’ এর এর চেয়ে বেশি বলে উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে। adv এর মধ্যেও একইভাবে তুলনা হয়।
যেমনঃ Rina walks as fast as Bina.
Fast advটি দুজনের ক্ষেত্রেই সমান।
Rina walks faster than Bina. Fast advটি Rina’র ক্ষেত্রে বেশি ।
Classification
কোন Sentence এ যে ধরণের form of degree ব্যবহার করা হয়, উক্ত Sentence কে সেই degree বলে আখ্যায়িত করা হয়। তাই degree যুক্ত sentence ও তিন প্রকার । যথাঃ
(i) Positive degree
(ii) Comparative degree and
(iii) Superlative degree.
Positive degree
Positive degree দুই পক্ষের Adj ও adv এর মধ্যে সমতা বা অসমতা প্রকাশ করে। যেমনঃ
(a) Rita is as tall as Mita.(similarity between Rita and Mita)
(b) No other man is as famous as Nazrul.
Very few men are as good as Mahin. (dissimilarity)
Sign: as/so + adj/adv + as
Construction:
(i) Base:
1st party + verb + as/not so + adj/adv (pos) + as + 2nd party
Example: Nupur is as beautiful as Jhumur.
(ii) Comparative to Positive:
2nd party + verb(negative) + as/not so +adj/adv(pos) + 1st party
Example:
(a) You are better than he. (Comp)
He is not so good as you. (Pos)
(b) He works harder than any other person in the village.
No other person in the village works as hard as he.
(c) Mita is better than most other girls in our locality.
Very few girls in our locality are as good as Mita.
(iii) Superlative to Positive:
2nd party + verb + as +adj/adv (pos) + 1st party
Example: (a) Cox’s Bazar is the best place in Bangladesh. (Sup)
No other place in Bangladesh is as good as Cox’s Bazar.
(b) Belal is one of the best boys in our college.
Very few boys in our college are as good as Belal.
NB: Positive degree = 1 main clause + (1) sub clause = (negative/affirmative) complex sentence
Comparative degree
Comparative degree দুই পক্ষের Adj ও adv এর কম-বেশ, সমতা বা তুলনা প্রকাশ করে। যেমনঃ
(a) Rita is taller than Mita.(comparison between Rita and Mita)
(b) Nazrul is more famous than most other poets ( comparison between Nazrul and other poets)
Sign: Than
Construction:
(i) Base:
1st party + verb + adj/adv (comp) + than + any other/most other + 2nd party
Example :
( a) Nupur is more beautiful than Jhumur.
(b) He is better than any other boy.
(c) Hera is better than most other girls.
(ii) Positive to Comparative:
2nd party + verb(negative) + adj/adv(comp) + than /than any other/than most other + 1st party
Example:
(a) He is not so good as you. (pos)
You are better than he.(comp)
(b) No other person in the village works as hard as he. (Pos)
He works harder than any other person in the village(Comp) (c) Very few girls in our locality are as good as Mita. (Pos)
Mita is better than most other girls in our locality. (Comp)
(iii) Superlative to Comparative:
1st party + verb + adj/adv (comp) + than + any other/most other + 2nd party
Example:
(a) Cox’s Bazar is the best place in Bangladesh. (Sup)
Cox’s Bazar is better than any other place in Bangladesh. (Comp)
(b) Belal is one of the best boys in our college. (Sup)
Belal is better than most other boys in our college. (Comp)
NB: Comparative degree = 1 main clause + (1) sub clause = (negative/affirmative) complex sentence
Superlative Degree
Sperlative Degree দ্বারা শ্রেষ্ঠতম/অন্যতম/সব চেয়ে ইত্যাদি তুলনা বুঝায়। তাই স্বাভাবিকভাবেই এর তুলনার পাত্র তিন বা ততোধিক। যেমনঃ
(a) Joti is the finest girl in the village.(শ্রেষ্ঠতম)
(b) Joti is one of the finest girls in the village. (অন্যতম)
Sign: The + superlative
Construction:
(i) Base:
1st party + verb +the/one of the + adj/adv (sup) + (noun complement of subject.) ---
Example:
(a) He is the best boy in the class.
(b) She is one of the best students.
(ii) Positive to superlative:
2nd party + verb + the/one of the + adj/adv (sup) + (noun complement of subject.) ---
Example:
(a) No other boy in the class is as good as he. (Pos)
He is the best boy in the class.(Sup)
(b) Very few students are as good as she.(Pos)
She is one of the best students. (Sup)
(iii) Comparative to Superlative:
1st party + verb+ the/one of the + adj/adv (sup) + (noun complement of subject.) ---
Example:
(a) Cox’s Bazar is better than any other place in Bangladesh. (Comp)
Cox’s Bazar is the best place in Bangladesh. (Sup)
(b) Belal is better than most other boys in our college. (Comp)
Belal is one of the best boys in our college.
NB: Superlative degree = 1 main clause (affirmative) simple sentence
Key to Changing Degree
তিন ধরণের degree এর মধ্যে interchange করতে হলে form of degree ছাড়াও অন্যান্য word এর পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। নিয়মটি ছকের মাধ্যমে দেখানো হলোঃ
|
|
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
1 |
No other |
Than any other |
the + superlative |
|
2 |
Very few |
Than most other |
one of the + superlative |
|
3 |
as/so-----as |
Than |
× |
Practice of Changing Degree
Identify degree and change into other degrees:
1. A frugal man is happier than a prodigal man.
2. It is cheaper than telephone calls.
3. Acquiring a language is more successful than learning.
4. It is one of the most beautiful sea - beaches in the world.
5. Anger is one of the most inhuman vices.
6. Very few women were as needy as Ayesha Begum.
7. It was one of the most memorable journeys in my life.
8. She feels that her mother is better than all other mothers in the world.
9. The creation of the world is one of the most mysterious matters.
10. Price hike is one of the biggest problems.
11. Day to day life in Dhaka is not cheaper than that of Khulna.
12. No other country in the world is as populous as Bangladesh.
13. Child labour is one of the biggest curses in the 21st century.
14. Poverty is the most undesirable condition in a person’s life.
15. Books are the best companions of man.
16. It was one of the most fearful incidents in her life.
17. It is one of the most important parts of our life.
18. You have done as much as a man.
19. It is one of the biggest mangrove forests in the world.
20. Very few insects are as busy as a bee.
21. The Jamuna is one of the biggest rivers in Bangladesh.
22. Pahela Baishak is undoubtedly the most celebrated festival in Bangladesh.
23. Toronto is one of the most expensive cities of the world.
24. It seemed to the fox that it was the happiest animal in the world.
25. It is one of the most important elements of all living beings.
26. Migratory birds run faster than the dove.
27. He is one of the biggest scientists of the present world.
28. He was one of the most important hunters in the world.
29. Rabindranath is one of the greatest poets in the world.
30. He is cleverer than most other boys in the class.
31. It is one of the most important sources of our economy.
32. Today nothing is as serious as pollution.
33. Communication is the most important thing about any language.
34. He is one of the most compassionate teachers.
35. Ours is the largest school in sonapur.
36. But Rangpur is bigger than any other town in the district.
37. Very few Moghal emperors were as pious as Aurangzeb.
38. The Padma is the biggest of all rivers in Bangladesh.
39. His bed is as soft as feather.
40. A woman is the worst sufferer in our country.
41. Health is the greatest wealth of a man.
42. It is the best you see.
43. Wherever you go you will find it better than any other place.
44. The Titanic is the largest enterprise man has ever taken.
45. The roads of our country are narrower than those of England
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