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Congratulations: Congratulation means expressing happiness about someone's  good luck, success, or achievement. We express congratulation by saying: i. Congratulations on your engagement. ii. I was delighted to hear about your success in the exam. iii. I was delighted to hear that you did very well in the exam.   iv. Well done, boy! v. Well done! Responses: i. Thank you, sir. ii. Thank you. iii. Thanks a lot. iv. Thanks.

Good Wishes:  Good wishes are words of expecting good for someone. It can be of two types. i. good wishes for a person present in the conversation. For expressing good wishes to a present person, we can say: i. Good luck, my dear! ii. Good luck! iii. Best wishes for your holiday. iv. Have a safe journey. v. Have a good time at the theatre. vi. I wish you every success. vii. All the best. viii. Best of all. ix. I wish you all the best. Good wishes to a third person: i. Please convey my best wishes to Jibon. ii. Please remember me to your mother. iii. Please give regards to your father. iv. Please tender my compliments to your mother. v. Give my love to the younger ones.

  Warning:  Warning means making you understand there is a possible danger or problem, especially one in the future. we usually use the following structures and utterances for warning: i. Look out! ii. Be careful of the man. iii. Be careful of your dress. iv. Be careful. v. I warn you its going to rain. Threat: The structures and utterances given below are used to express threat.: i. How dare you say this? ii. You dare touch me! iii. Do that, and I'll tell your father. iv. I'll report you if you do that. EXERCISES Write what you say in the following situations: a. You want to see your teacher in his room. b. You tell your sister that you will buy her a dress. c. Someone wants to talk to you. But you have no time. d. Your younger brother does not read seriously. e. Your servant is telling lies.

  Permission:  Permission means having consent from somebody for doing something.  It covers three activities. 1. Seeking permission 2. Giving permission 3. Refusing permission   1. Seeking permission  we can use these structures and utterances for seeking permission. i. May I + verb1 --------? May I come in, sir? ii. Can I + verb1+-------? Can I sit on this chair? iii.  Am I allowed to + verb1------------? Am I allowed to go out? iv. Am I permitted to + verb1------------------?   Am I permitted to use the phone? 2. Giving permission:  To give permission to somebody for something, we usually use such structures and expressions as: i. Yes, come in. ii. Come in, please. iii. Yes, you are. iv. Yes, you can. v. Yes, you may. vi. Please, do.    3. Refusing permission: i.  No, you can't.  ii. Please, later on.  iii. Sorry, it is not allowed here. iv. I'm afraid.  v. No, because I'm busy now.  

  Promise:   Promise means  telling someone that you will certainly do something. We can use these expressions to utter promises.  i. I promise I'll visit your place soon. ii. I'll let you know the news. iii. You won't be harmed, I promise you.

Approval:  Approval means a positive opinion of someone or something.   The expressions of approval are: i. I approve of your plan. ii. I very much approve of your plan. iii.It wasn't bad, was it? iv. I rather like this dress. v. I like this dress. vi. I love her dress. vii. I do like her dress. Disapproval: Disapproval means a negative opinion of someone or something. The expressions of approval are: i. I disapprove of your plan. ii. I very much disapprove of your plan. iii. I don't like the way subj + verb ------. iv. I don't much care for -------. v. Why did you -----------? vi. Was it really necessary to -----------? vii. Why should you -----------? EXERCISES Write what you say in the following situations: a. Your friend has bought a shirt. You like it. b. Your friend has bought a pen. You do not like it. c. You have gone to visit your friend's village. The village attracts you. d. Your father has told you to meet a stranger, but you are not interested. e. You have ...

Preference: Preference means liking something or somebody more than  another person or thing. We express preference in the following ways:  i. I prefer tea to coffee. ii. I'd prefer to stay in a house rather than in a hotel. iii. I'd rather stay in a house than in a hotel. iv. I prefer John to Tom to do it. v. I prefer sleeping to chatting.

Liking:   To express liking for something, we may use such structures and utterances as: i. I like to + verb1 -----.   I like to give parties. ii. I like + verb1 + ing -----------.   I like giving parties. iii. I love to + verb1 ----------. I love to meet him. iv. I love + verb1 + ing --------. I love meeting him.   v. Who does not like ----------? Who doesn't like this sight?   Disliking:  Dislikes are expressed with the following expressions: i. I don't like to give parties. ii. I don't like giving parties.  iii. I don't love to meet him.  iv. I don't love meeting him. v.  It looks ugly. vi. I hate to give parties. vii. I hate giving parties. Who likes it? viii. Who loves it? ix. Who likes it?    

Commands:  Command refers to an order, especially one given by a soldier .     To express command to do something, we say: i. Follow me. ii. Keep waiting over there. iii. Open the door. iv. Go out. v. Bring the file.   Forbidding commands:     To express command not to do something, we say: i. Don't leave the office now . ii. Don't be a fool. iii. Stop writing. iv. Don't worry about me. v. You mustn't speak much. EXERCISES What you say in the following situations: a. You think that your younger brother should not waste time. b. Your maid servant speaks too much. c. You intend to go on an excursion with your classmates. d. You need your sister to shut the door. e. You advise your younger sister to read seriously. f. You suppose you and your friends should meet your teacher. g. You do not like your father's working hard. h. Your younger cousin idles away time. i. Your office door is unnecessarily closed. j. Your mother is ill.

  Suggestions:   Suggestion means an idea, plan or action that is given or the act of suggesting it .  For suggestion, we use the following expressions. i. Let's enjoy a film. ii. Why don't we go on a picnic?  iii. What about having a soft drink?  iv. Let's not waste time. v. We'd better stop the discussion. vi. Shouldn't we go there? vii. You might have a look at this book.  ix. Why don't you see me next week?

  Advice:   Advice means an opinion which someone offers you about what you should do or how you should act in a particular situation. i. You should read seriously. ii. You ought to stay here. iii. You'd better give up smoking. iv. I'd advise you to consult a doctor. iv. If I were you, I'd buy the book. v. Take my advice- don't get married. vi. Why should you help an idle boy like him?

  Invitations: Invitation means proposing someone to go to an event. It may cover three activities. 1. Expressing invitation       2. Accepting invitation      3.  Refusing invitation 1. Expressing invitation: To express invitation, we use such utterances and structures as: i. Would you like to + verb1 ---------? Would you like to go to cinema with me? ii. Please, Verb1 -----------. Please come in and sit down. iii. Verb1------------. Come in and sit down. iv. May I invite you to -----------? May I invite you to dinner the next day ?  v. Would you please + verb1-----------? Would you please attend my sister's wedding?   2. Accepting invitations:  If we are invited, We may accept or refuse the invitation. We can accept an invitation saying: i. Thank you very much. That's kind of you. ii. Thanks a lot. I'd love to. iii. Certainly. I would be delighted to. iv. Oh, sure. It's nice of you to invite me. v. Thank you very much. That'd be...

  Offers:  Offers may cover two different activities- 1. Making offers 2. Accepting offers 3. Refusing offers   1. Making offers:   We can make an offer with the following utterances. i. Can I open the door for you? ii. Shall I get you a chair? iii. Would you like me to bring you the book? iv. Would you take tea or coffee? v. Will you have tea or coffee? vi. May I offer you tea? vii. Do sit down please. viii. Be seated please. ix. Let me get a chair for you.   2. Accepting offers:  We are free to accept an offer or  refuse an offer.   When we accept an offer we can use the following expressions: i. Yes, please. ii. Yes, please. That's very nice of you.  iii. Yes, please. That's very kind of you. iv. Tea, please. v. Yes, thank you, I'd love some more. vi. Yes, thanks, I'd prefer coffee. vii. Thanks. It's nice of you. viii. Thank you very much indeed.   3. Refusing offers:   We can refuse an offer saying: i. No, thank...

Requests: A. Making requests: Expressions of request are made to ask for help, cooperation, aid, and so on.  To make requests, w e use the following structures and expressions: a. Will you + verb1------? Example: Will You    i. bring me a pen? ii. shut the door? iii. open the window? b. Would you please + verb1 --------? Example:  Would you please   i. bring me the pen? ii. shut the door? iii. open the window? c. Can/Could you please + verb1--------? Example:   Can you please  i. lend me your pen? ii. give me a glass of water?  d. Do/Would you mind + verb+ing ---------? Example:   Do/Would you mind   i. shutting the door? ii. opening the window?    Responses to requests:   We can respond to requests either positively or negatively. Positive responses: i. Yes, certainly. ii. Yes, of course. iii. Yes, of course. Go ahead. iv. Certainly. v. Okay. Here it is. vi. Why not?    Negative responses: i. No, I'm afraid. Th...