Completing with clauses

 যদি প্রদত্ত clauseটির আগে বা পরে একটি clause marker/conjunction থাকে, তবে বাকি অংশ পূরণ করতে হবে clause দ্বারা।

clause marker/conjunction আগে থাকলে incomplete area তে একটি Main clause লিখতে হবে। যেমনঃ Incomplete: When Jerry came to the orphanage, ________. Complete: When Jerry came to the orphanage, he was four years old.

Jerry came to the orphanage’ এই  clauseটির আগে একটি clause marker/conjunction When রয়েছে। তাই এর পরের incomplete area তে একটি Main clause ‘he was four years old’ লেখা হয়েছে।

আবার Clause marker/conjunction পরে থাকলে incomplete areaতে Sub/co ordinate clause লিখতে হয়। যেমনঃ

Incomplete: It rains in torrents when _______.

Complete: It rains in torrents when it is the rainy reason.

‘It rains in torrents’ এই  clauseটির পরে একটি clause marker/conjunction When রয়েছে। তাই এর পরের incomplete area তে একটি sub clause ‘it is the rainy reason.’লেখা হয়েছে।

এ গুলি সঠিকভাবে শিখতে হলে Conjunction এর ব্যবহার ভালভাবে শিখতে হয়। Conjunction এর ব্যবহার নিচে আলোচনা করা হলো।

1. When: যখন

Main clause + when + sub clause (time of the main clause) or                   

When + sub clause (time of the main clause) + Main clause :                 We take rest when we become tired.

Or  When we become tired, We take rest.

2. If : যদি

Main clause + if + sub clause (condition of the main clause) or  

                 If + sub clause (condition of the main clause) + Main clause:

                  We take rest if we become tired.

Or  If  we become tired, We take rest.

Note: Tense sequence of ‘if clause’

i. If + present + present/future:

If it rains, we remain home.

Or If it rains, we will remain home.

ii. If + past simple + conditional past(s + would + v1):

If you came, I would go.

iii. If + past perfect + conditional past perfect (s + would have + v3):             

  If you had come, I would have gone.

3. Provided/provided that: যদি Main clause + Provided/provided that + sub clause (condition of the main clause)      

    We will play provided that the weather is good.

4. Since/As: যেহেতু

Main clause + as/since + sub clause (reason of the main clause)

or  Since/As + sub clause (reason of the main clause) + Main clause:                  He did not go out as it was raining.

Or As it was raining, he did not go out.

5. Because: Main clause + because + sub clause (reason of the main clause):

He did not go out because it was raining.

6. Though/Although: Main clause + thouh/although + sub clause (opposite reason of the main clause)

or Though/Although + sub clause (opposite reason of the main clause) + Main clause:                 

He went out though it was raining.

Or  Though it was raining, he went out.

7. Unless : Main clause + unless + sub clause (condition of the main clause)     or unless + sub clause (condition of the main clause) + Main clause:            

   You cannot pass unless you study hard.

Or unless you study hard, you cannot pass.

8. Before/after: Main clause + Before/after + sub clause (time of the main clause):

Ismail Hossen got training before he cultivated vegetables.

9. Until: Main clause + until + affirmative sub clause (duration of the main clause):          

     They were waiting until we arrived.

10. As long as: Main clause + as long as + sub clause (duration of the main clause):                     

    We should work as long as we are alive.       

11. That: Main clause + that + sub clause (final statement of the main clause):         

    We know that Bangladesh is an agricultural country. 

12. So that: Main clause + so that + sub clause (purpose of the main clause):  

We read news papers so that we can learn many things.

13. in order that: Main clause + in order that + sub clause (purpose of the main clause):                     We read news papers in order that we can learn many things. 

14. Wh: ——-  wh + (subject) + finite verb + ———.                 

    Jerry was an orphan boy who lived in the orphanage.

15. lest: ——— lest + s + should + v1 ——-.fear                      

He ran fast lest he should miss the train.

16. As soon as : As soon as + clause + clause (same tense)                          

As soon as the teacher entered, the students stood up.

17. As if/though: present simple + as if/though + past simple    or                        past simple + as if/though + past perfect.

He speaks as if/though he knew every thing.

Or He spoke as if/though he had known every thing.

18. It is time/high time: It is time + clause (past simple)                   

It is time we changed our food habits.

19. Had + s + v3: Had + s + v3—– + subject + would have + v3 —-.

   Had I seen  him I would have informed him of the matter.

20. And (copulative): Main clause + and + (subject) + (finite verb) + ————-.

Nambi was a story teller and told many interesting stories.

21. But (opposite): Main clause + but + (subject) + (finite verb) + ————-.

He was rich but lived a poor life.

22. Or (alternative): Main clause + or + (subject) + (finite verb) + ————-.

You should read news papers or you can not learn many things.

23. So (result): Main clause + so + subject + finite verb + ————-.      

  I was busy. So, I could not meet him.

Examples for practice

1. My father is a teacher who  ———-.

2. Unless he gets up early in the morning ————–.

3. It is high time we ———–.

4. Though it is raining, ————–.

5. Acid rain is harmful because ———–.

Practice