Adverb

Definition:

Adverb is a word, phrase or clause which describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective, adverb or phrase

অর্থাৎ, Adverb হলো এমন ধরণের word, phrase or clause যা verb, adjective, adverb বা phrase কে বর্ণনা করে অথবা এদের সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য দেয়। যেমনঃ

'She smiled cheerfully.'

'The house was spotlessly clean.'

এছাড়া verb, adjective, adverb বা phrase অথবা sentence এর অর্থে পরিবর্তন সাধন করে Adverb নিম্নোক্ত প্রশ্নগুলীর উত্তর দেয় ।

i. how?

ii. in what way?

iii. when?

iv. where?

v. to what extent? and

vi. why?

Adverb এর তিনটি Form হয়। যথাঃ

Forms of Adverbs

i. Positive form (base form): fast, quickly, well

ii. Comparative form ( adv + er/ more/ less + adv):

faster, more quickly, better, less skillfully

iii. Superlative form (adv + est/ most/ least + adv):

fastest, most quickly, best, least skillfully

Adverb এর এই Form গুলীকে Degree of adverb বলে।

Construction of Adverb

1. Adjective + ly: finely, rightly, slowly, quickly

2. Preposition + noun: in the morning, at the station, in 1992, for a while

3. Noun adverb: today, yesterday, home

4. Root adverb/conversion:  fast, well, quick, late, hard

5. Adverb clause: When he came, I was busy.

6. To + verb: The senator ran to catch the bus.

7. Intesifiers: very, quite, rather, so, extremely, extraordinarily  

Kinds of Adverbs

i. Adverbs of Manner
   She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

ii. Adverbs of Place
   She has lived on the island all her life.
   She still lives there now.

iii. Adverbs of Frequency
   She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
   She often goes by herself.

iv. Adverbs of Time
   She tries to get back before dark.
   It's starting to get dark now.
   She finished her tea first.
   She left early.

v. Adverbs of Purpose
   She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
   She shops in several stores to get the best buys.

vi. Intesifiers    I was very busy. They were extraordinarily nice.   He was quite angry.  

Uses of Adverbs

Noun এবং pronoun ছাড়া অন্যান্য সকল parts of speech কে modify করার জন্যে Adverb ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

যেমন :

Verb: Habib works carefully.

Adjective: Mita was really good.

Adverb: Shila walks very slowly.

Preposition: He came just at ten.

Conjunction: I shall go only if you come.

Interjection: How fast he runs!

কোন sentence এ পাশাপাশি একাধিক adverb ব্যবহৃত হলে নির্ধারিত orderএ adverb গুলী লিখতে হয় ।

Order of Adverbs

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS
Verb	Manner	Place	Frequency	Time	Purpose
Bokul swims	enthusiastically	in the pool	every morning	before dawn	to keep in shape.
Dad walks	impatiently	into town	every afternoon	before supper	to get a newspaper.
Tasnim naps		in her room	every morning	before lunch.

NB: ছোট adverb আগে লিখতে হয়।

তাতে উপরের order এর ব্যতিক্রম হলেও কোন অসুবিধা নেই । যেমনঃ

I was walking before noon through the west side of the park.

Positions of Adverbs

adverb একটি sentence এর মধ্যে বিভিন্ন স্থানে বসতে পারে। যেমনঃ

Before Subject: Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.

At the end: The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.

Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock.

Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely written to my brother without a good reason.

List of Common Adverbs

A abnormally absentmindedly accidentally actually adventurously afterwards almost always angrily annually anxiously arrogantly awkwardly	B badly beautifully bitterly blindly blissfully boastfully boldly bravely briefly brightly briskly broadly busily	C calmly carefully carelessly cautiously certainly cheerfully clearly cleverly closely colorfully commonly continually coolly correctly courageously cruelly curiously	D daily dearly delightfully deeply deliberately delightfully diligently dimly doubtfully	E easily elegantly energetically enormously enthusiastically equally especially even evenly eventually exactly excitedly extremely
F fairly faithfully famously far fast fatally ferociously fiercely fondly foolishly fortunately frankly frantically freely frightfully fully furiously	G generally generously gently gladly gracefully gratefully greatly greedily	H happily hastily healthily heavily helpfully helplessly highly honestly hopelessly hourly hungrily	I immediately innocently inquisitively instantly intensely interestingly inwardly irritably	J jealously joyfully joyously jovially jubilantly justly
K keenly kindheartedly kindly knavishly knowingly knowledgeably	L lazily less lightly likely lively loftily loosely lovingly loudly loyally	M madly meaningfully mechanically merrily miserably mockingly monthly more mortally mostly mysteriously	N naturally nearly neatly needily nervously never nicely noisily not	O obediently obnoxiously oddly offensively officially often only openly optimistically overconfidently
P painfully partially patiently perfectly physically playfully politely poorly positively potentially powerfully promptly properly punctually	Q quarrelsomely queerly questionably questioningly quicker quickly quietly	R rapidly rarely readily really reassuringly recklessly regularly reluctantly repeatedly restfully righteously rightfully rigidly roughly rudely	S sadly safely scarcely scarily sedately seemingly seldom selfishly separately seriously sharply shyly silently sleepily slowly smoothly softly solemnly solidly sometimes soon speedily stealthily sternly strictly successfully suddenly surprisingly suspiciously sweetly swiftly sympathetically	T tenderly tensely terribly thankfully thoroughly thoughtfully tightly tomorrow too tremendously triumphantly truly truthfully
U ultimately unbearably unexpectedly unfortunately unnaturally unnecessarily utterly	V vacantly vainly valiantly vastly verbally very viciously	W warmly weakly wearily well wetly wholly wisely	Y yawningly yearly yesterday yieldingly youthfully	Z zealously   zestfully

Use appropriate adverbs in the gaps: use as many adverbs as you can.

1. We go to college -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

2. Shefa ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- finished the book.

3. Imran is ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------busy today.

4. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I hate smoking.

5. He has ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ left the village.

6. The world is -------------------------------------------------------------- moving round the sun.

7. Bina answered the question------------------------------------------------------------------------.

8. We decorated our house very----------------------------------------------------------------------.

9. She came here ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

10. I ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------follow my father.

11. He left the place -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

12. The teacher delivered his lecture ---------------------------------------------------------------.

13. Do not hit others ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

14. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I was there.

15. A driver should drive ------------------